Net Zero Initiative - Diving into the Net Zero Initiative Guidelines

The Net Zero Initiative, led by Carbone 4 along with a dozen of pioneer companies and a high-level Scientific Committee, releases its guidelines for organizations to contribute to the global net-zero. This document suggests adopting a common language to all the stakeholders willing to manage their climate action in a sincere, transparent and constructive way, with the aim of reaching net-zero emissions worldwide, while being consistent with the existing tools and methods. Now is the time for action ; and to make a more efficient use of it, all the stakeholders need to agree on the same priorities, the same concepts, and the same time horizon. 

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

UNDERSTANDING CARBON NEUTRALITY

Global carbon neutrality is the only one that is rigorously defined by science

Science defines global carbon neutrality as a balance between anthropogenic CO2 emissions and anthropogenic CO2 removals. Removing as much CO2 annually as the emissions that are produced is the only way to stop the build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere, and thus stabilize the temperatures later on. In order to meet the 2°C or 1.5°C objectives, the realization of global carbon neutrality must be achieved by the middle of the century. In addition, to comply with the Paris Agreement, we must not only achieve this "net zero carbon" objective early on, but also reduce emissions of other greenhouse gases fast enough. In the IPCC's definition, "carbon neutrality" and "net zero" mean the same thing ^[1]. 

To achieve global carbon neutrality, human societies must act on two major fronts:

• the reduction of emissions - CO2 emissions of fossil fuel origin and from deforestation ^[2]
• the increase in sinks - Afforestation/reforestation, agricultural practices and technological solutions

In view of the effort required, both in terms of reducing emissions and increasing the removals, achieving global carbon neutrality will necessarily have to go hand in hand with profound and radical socio-technical transformations. Carbon neutrality is a breakthrough concept.

"Companies' carbon neutrality": the big blur

Today's demands for neutrality in the corporate world are essentially based on a process of three theoretical steps: "Measure, Reduce and Offset". Within this framework, "carbon neutrality" can be achieved each year, by immediately "cancelling out" (or "offsetting") an organization’s emissions through the purchase of "carbon credits". 

But this reasoning suffers from many limitations, both theoretical and practical. First of all, the scope of the emissions taken into account may overlook the most significant emissions’ sources in which the company's activities depend on. Secondly, the ambition of the targeted reduction is rarely compatible with the 3% to 7% per year reduction in global emissions required to comply with the Paris Agreement. Finally, the very idea of "offsetting" is based on physically questionable principles (for example, the equivalence postulate between a reduction at the source and the purchase of carbon credits; or between certain and immediate emissions, and presumed and – in some cases – future reductions/removals, etc.) and induces a psychological bias on the part of the credit buyers (the belief in the possibility of "cancelling out" the climate problem at a little cost, etc.). Finally, there is one sole label being used, "carbon neutral", which is used for private initiatives which have very different ambitions; this leads to counterproductive leveling-down. 

In general, there are other limitations in defining carbon neutrality as a static and individual state at an organizational level, including: 

• The possibility of achieving "zero net emissions" each year makes the evolution of actual greenhouse gas emissions over time invisible, which does not encourage the organization to implement effective actions to reduce emissions at source.
• Since anthropogenic emissions far exceed the amount of "offsets" available worldwide, this concept is not universally applicable and therefore cannot be considered a viable solution on a large scale.
• This implicitly conveys the message that the elimination of "climate risk" depends only on a set of accounting entries ("offsetting"), which actually anaesthetizes the contributors and slows down their creativity when faced with the problem that needs to be solved.

In short, the concept is not successful. The idea of "corporate neutrality" that can be achieved through offsetting is not capable of triggering concrete action which is up to the challenge. Thus, there is an urgent need to change this concept, in line with the effort to align corporate action with the imperatives of climate science initiated at the COP21; and to offer organizations a reference framework for action on carbon neutrality that is proportionate with the global challenge. 

The necessary reconnection of "corporate neutrality" with the objectives of global neutrality

To achieve this, two paradigm shifts are needed: 

1. A COMPANY IS NOT CARBON-NEUTRAL: IT CONTRIBUTES TO NEUTRALITY 

This means in practice that: 

• The process is no longer static, but dynamic.

The company must shift its focus from achieving one-off and immediate neutrality to dynamically managing its climate performance to maximize its contribution to achieving global neutrality. 

• The objective is no longer individual, but collective.

Giving up a quest for "neutrality in its own right" makes it possible to understand the inclusion of one's activity in the rest of the system. The company can then assess the compatibility of its activity to a carbon-neutral path within the world through several indicators, which are not interchangeable with each other, which better reflects this systemic but very real complexity.

2. YOU DON’T OFFSET ANYMORE, YOU CONTRIBUTE 

Financing low-carbon projects outside of a company's value chain is useful practice for the collectivity, as it helps to finance mitigation and preservation or the development of sinks for projects that would not necessarily achieve this without external assistance. As mentioned above, the problem arises when this funding is used to "cancel out", "offset" or "neutralize" the company's own emissions, which incidentally contravenes conventional carbon reporting rules ^[3]. 

The standard proposes to no longer use the term offset, and to replace it with the term contribution, which does not implicitly convey the idea of "cancelling out" emissions through project financing. The concept of voluntary carbon financing is retained, which increases the financial flows necessary to comply with the Paris Agreement.

THE NET ZERO INITIATIVE MAIN PRINCIPLES

The Net Zero Initiative provides organizations with a way to describe and organize their climate action to maximize their contribution within achieving global carbon neutrality. 

The framework is based on several key principles: 

1. The word "carbon neutrality" (or "net zero") refers only to the global goal of balancing the emissions and removals. It does not apply to an organization. 

2.Organizations can only contribute to the trajectory towards global carbon neutrality. 

3. Emission reductions and negative emissions (also called "removals") are rigorously distinguished and counted separately. 

4. The concept of "contribution to global neutrality" is broadened to include the marketing of low-carbon products and services. "Avoided emissions" are separated into two groups: those that correspond to a real absolute decrease in the level of emissions, and those that provide only a "smaller increase" compared to the initial situation. 

5. Carbon finance can trigger avoided or negative emissions, but it cannot "cancel" the company's operational emissions; it has to have a separate account for this.

THE NET ZERO INITIATIVE DASHBOARD

The framework is based on the idea that an organization must, at its level, act in three complementary ways in order to contribute to global neutrality: 

In order to contribute to the global reduction in emissions, it must: 

1. Reduce its direct and indirect emissions

2. Reduce the emissions of others: 

- By marketing low-carbon solutions (under certain conditions) 

- By financing low-carbon projects outside of its value chain 

In order to contribute to the increase in global removals, it must: 

3. Improve carbon sinks:

-By developing carbon removals within its operations and in its value chain 

-By financing carbon sequestration projects outside its value chain   

Each company is then encouraged to: 

1. Measure its performance on these three pillars; 

2. Set ambitious objectives for each of them; 

3. Manage them dynamically over time.

A. Pillar 1: Reducing my GHG emissions

Indicator: Induced Emissions. 

Physical Nature: Actual, absolute flow of GHG emissions into the atmosphere. 

Description: This pillar encourages the organization to assess and monitor the reduction of its absolute direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions over time. 

Method: 

1. Measure (usually annually) the emissions, all scopes combined, using standard reporting frameworks: ISO 14064/14069, Carbon Footprint, GHG Protocol, etc. 

2. Set targets: 

• Through scenario analyses carried out by themselves to understand their dependence on activities with emissions within their operations and from others;
• Alternatively, by using frameworks for defining trajectories within the private sector (Science-based Targets).
• Failing this, global (IPCC, IEA, etc.), national (National Low Carbon Strategies, NDCs, etc.) and local (local and regional climate plans, etc.) decarbonization scenarios can be adapted to the scale of the organization.

3. Dynamically manage the performance using dynamic assessment tools such as ACT (ADEME & CDP).

B. Pillar 2: Reducing other's emissions

Indicator: Avoided emissions. 

Physical nature: Difference in the level of GHG emissions compared to a reference scenario, caused by an "intervention" by the organization within its environment. Caution: It is necessary to determine whether or not this difference corresponds to a real decrease in emissions compared to the existing situation ("really reduced" emissions vs. "less increased" emissions) 

Description: This pillar encourages the organization to assess and increase its contributions to decarbonization within third parties: 

• Either as a result of its products and services sold, which replace a more carbon intensive use by the end users;
• Or as a result of financing emission reduction projects outside its value chain (purchases of certified emission reductions, direct participation in projects, low-carbon energy contracts under certain conditions, etc.).

Method: 

1. Measure the organization’s avoided emissions each year by using an array of robust methodologies and official reference scenarios (UNFCCC, domestic carbon certification labels, international standards, etc.). 

2. Set targets for avoided emissions through its products and by financing projects outside the value chain; in order to contribute to the decarbonization of others "at the right level" expected by the organization, considering the collective effort required. 

3. Dynamically manage the performance and evaluate it against the set trajectory.

C. Pillar 3: Developing carbon sinks

Indicator: Negative emissions (or "removals"). 

Physical nature: Real, absolute flow of CO2 removed from the atmosphere. 

Description: This pillar encourages the organization to assess and increase its contribution to the enhancement of the world's natural and technological carbon sinks: - Either in its value chain, by developing its own carbon sinks (direct removals) or those upstream (in the supply chain) and downstream (within its customers or end-users) - Or outside of its value chain, due to its financing of sequestration projects (purchases of certified carbon sequestration, direct participation in projects, etc.). 

Method: 

1. Measure each year: 

• The negative emissions in the organization’s value chain using existing standards (ISO 14064, GHG Protocol Guidance on Removals, etc.).
• The negative emissions caused by project financing, due to robust methodologies (UNFCCC, domestic carbon certification labels, international standards, etc.).

2. Set targets for the carbon removal outside and inside its value chain, to help increase the sinks "at the right level", given the collective effort required. 

3. Dynamically manage the performance and evaluate it in accordance to its set trajectory.

Next steps

• This framework is the first stone laid to generate a major paradigm shift: the transition from an autonomous declaration of neutrality to action that is part of a collective movement.
• This framework can now be used by organizations and notably companies; the methods exist for taking an inventory of the emissions over the entire value chain, for accounting for avoided emissions compared to existing ones, and finally for accounting for the removals.
• In the light of the objective of global neutrality, these methods are sometimes incomplete, but they provide a basis on which to start working. Carbone 4 therefore calls on all companies to take up this way of looking at things right now, to trigger action in all areas of their activities (in the sales and marketing roles for its avoided emissions, in the production and organization roles for the induced emissions, in R&D, strategy and finance for all three pillars, etc.). Placing the organization's actions in a "path towards neutrality", is a project that involves all collaborators; unlike the short-term search of an individual neutrality state.
• In particular, it is necessary to specify what could be the "right" trajectories for each of the pillars. An essential step for a given company is to set concrete short-term objectives, as well as an assessment of the ambition of its own commitments, which will have to relate to the framework’s three pillars.
• Ambitious climate action by the private sector will therefore involve experimentation from now on, and then gradual harmonization of the terms and concepts used. This is why we invite all stakeholders, companies, project holders, consultancy firms, "offset" operators, and civil society actors to grasp the concepts described here in order to accelerate collective action towards global net zero; to which Carbone 4 hopes to have contributed to through the reference framework proposed here.

AUTHOR : César Dugast (Carbone 4) 

CONTRIBUTION AND PROOFREADINGCarbone 4 : Renaud Bettin, Alexandre Florentin, Luc Bachelet, Stéphane Amant, Alexandre Joly, Marion Moneuse 

Scientific Council : Olivier Boucher (Institut Pierre-Simon- Laplace), Richard Baron (European Climate Foundation / 2050 Pathways), Anne Bringault (Réseau Action Climat France), Benoît Leguet (I4CE), Michel Colombier (IDDRI), Dimitar Nikov (Ministère de la Transition Écologique et Solidaire), Marion Verles (SustainCERT / The Gold Standard), Minh Cuong Le Quan (Staterre), Alain Grandjean (Carbone 4 / FNH), Jean-Marc Jancovici (Carbone 4 / The Shift Project) 

Enterprises : Christine Faure-Fedigan (ENGIE), Thibaud Brac de la Perrière (EDF), Philippe Tuzzolino (Groupe Orange), Jean- Manuel Canet (Groupe Orange), Marie-Thérèse Durand (Poste Immo), Dang Tran (Poste Immo), Sophia Garcia (Remade), Aurélia Menacer (Groupe RATP), François Garreau (Generali), Élodie Bressaud (Groupe BPCE), Christian Le Seach (Groupe BPCE), Nathalie Pons (Havas), Aurélien Painchaud (Havas), Sébastien Nunes (ClimateSeed) 

Other contributors : Gilles Dufrasne (Carbon Market Watch), Julia Grimault (I4CE), Claudine Foucherot (I4CE), Gabriella Cevallos (I4CE), Yann Briand (IDDRI), Augustin Fragnière (UNIL) 

Design : Théo Girard (Carbone 4)